For Turkey, it is not possible to develop the manufacturing industry as desired without promoting SMEs, bringing new entrepreneurs into the marketplace and galvanizing R&D investments. Therefore, policy makers should take some steps to encourage banks to focus more on giving credit to SMEs, new entrepreneurs and R&D firms rather than to households.

Venture capital is a promising alternative way of financing new, young and talented entrepreneurs in the manufacturing sector. Venture capital not only finances bright entrepreneurs but also monitors their development. This is an important feature for corporate governance for young firms. Venture capitalists are particularly astute at picking and developing innovative firms, and thereby paving the way for ground-breaking innovations. The US is particularly successful in this regard. Some of the world-famous US-based giant companies such as Intel, Microsoft and Apple were financed by venture capital at their initial stages. In Turkey, on the other hand, the venture capital market is still in its infancy. To leverage the venture capital market, Turkey is implementing initiatives such as the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey’s Venture Capital Funding Program. Such programs should be strengthened and their number should be increased as well. Improving the legal environment for venture capital is another key agenda item for Turkey.

As it is widely known, large firms can make new investments using internal cash flow, bank credit or equity financing. However, this does not mean that financing large manufacturing firms is smooth and frictionless. First of all, internal cash flows are not usually enough to cover huge investment expenditures. Second, the cost of bank credit (interest rate) is so high in Turkey compared to developed countries, as well as some of the developing countries with which Turkey competes. Third, in Turkey, the stock market is not financially deep, and it depends highly on foreign investors.

Policy makers should work more on promoting the investment and development banking system. Investment and development banks are more appropriate to finance large-scale investment projects. Unfortunately, investment and development banking is still underdeveloped in Turkey.

Islamic finance has a great potential in Turkey, but, so far, Islamic banks have focused mostly on murabaha (making purchases with cost-plus-profit contracts), which has limited effect on the manufacturing industry and the real economy. Islamic banks should provide more profit-and-loss-sharing (PLS) lending opportunities (such as musharakah and mudarabah). Sukuk, which is a type of bond that meets Islamic structures on interest, is another Islamic finance instrument that could fund large-scale manufacturing investments in Turkey. Policy makers should encourage Islamic banks to provide PLS lending and issue sukuk by using incentive-based regulation and strengthening the legal environment.

In sum, Turkey should switch its financial system from debt-based finance to equity-based finance to meet the manufacturing industry’s need for new investments. Developing an equity-based financial system may not only increase investments but also provide financial stability.