The ongoing protests in Algeria are regarded as reminders of the early days of the Arab revolutions in 2011, when millions poured to the streets in many countries across the Middle East. The protests had caused regime changes in countries like Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia. One of the most important organized movements during the revolutionary uprisings was the Muslim Brotherhood. The movement was actively engaged in political transformation in both Egypt and Tunisia. Despite the fact that the movement has been going through a bitter experience in Egypt since 2013, it is trying to be part of the political struggle in Algeria.

As the country experiences a postponed revolutionary moment since February this year, the Muslim Brotherhood has been trying to gain more ground in the country’s political spectrum. Since the start of the Arab revolutions in 2011, the Muslim Brotherhood movement has been following an active agenda in the country’s political transformation. Will the movement ever have the chance to lead the country to becoming a full-fledged democratic setting?

Although it has not been deeply engaged in the country’s political life for many years, the Muslim Brotherhood has a long history in Algeria. Sheikh Ahmed Sahnoun was one of the intellectuals of the period that founded the movement in 1953. Despite the fact that the movement did not have a significant presence in the country’s independence war against France, Muslim Brotherhood members made efforts to motivate the Algerian people during this period.

Will the Muslim Brotherhood ever have the chance to lead Algeria to becoming a full-fledged democracy? 

Following independence, the movement kept a low profile in the country’s volatile political environment. During the 1980s, as tension between Islamist groups and the government increased, the Muslim Brotherhood did not have a sharp stance (unlike other conservative Islamic movements). Some groups called for an Islamic state at the time, but the Muslim Brotherhood leadership did not. Tensions between the regime and Islamic groups increased especially in the late 80s. During the 1990 election, the Islamic coalition, which included a minor Muslim Brotherhood group, Nahda, gained 70% of the total votes. This was a turning point in the country’s history as the army cancelled the elections. The following period was a catastrophe for Algeria, as the country was dragged into a decade-long civil war.

During the civil war, the Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria did not position itself against the army. In contrast, it followed a political pragmatist approach by siding with state institutions. The leading organization of the Muslim Brotherhood, the Movement of Society for Peace (MSP) was established during these years. In return to its loyalty to the state, in 1995, the MSP was given political ranks by the Algerian state. In 1997, both Nahda and MSP ran for parliamentary elections and won a total of 15% of the vote, with 69 seats in the parliament. Following the election, together with two secular political parties, the MSP became a member of the political coalition that governed the country for about two decades. As a coalition member, the MSP was given 7 ministerial positions and in 2004, the group supported the continuation of the Abdel Aziz Bouteflika presidency for another term.

Despite years-long pragmatist alliances with secular ruling elites and the army, the Muslim Brotherhood took a different political stance in the post-Arab revolutions period. The organization believed that the wave of uprisings in the region must pressure the Algerian regime for democratic reforms. Due to its increasing disagreements with the establishment in Algeria, MSP announced its withdrawal from the coalition in 2012. It can be argued that one of the most important factors in this decision was the early success of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Tunisia. With a new discourse and activism, the movement also wanted to frame itself as a moderate organization that can play a leading role in the country’s democratization process.

In the post-Arab revolutions period, MSP became more aggressive in terms of its political discourse. In 2012, the then leader of the movement, Bouguerra Soltani, stated that the revolutionary wave would eventually arrive to Algeria if the political leadership cannot complete political reforms demanded by the people. The movement also harshly criticized Israeli policies towards Palestine and commented against the regional policy choices of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

The political stance adopted by the Muslim Brotherhood throughout the ongoing political protests against President Bouteflika in Algeria illustrate that the organization will no longer keep a low profile in the country’s political arena. 

Finally, MSP also actively supported anti-government protests that started in February 2019, when Abdel Aziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth term in office. The MSP leadership called on President Bouteflika to resign immediately. The leader of the movement, Abdul Rezzaq Al-Makri, stated that the ruling elite should take into account the demands of the people and stressed that the tension in the country would increase and that political instability would deepen.

These statements and the aggressive stance adopted by the movement illustrates that the Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria will no longer keep a low profile in the country’s political arena. It can be argued that the organization wants to play a more important role in the future of Algerian politics. The movement’s decision to nominate a candidate in the presidential election for the first time indicates that the Muslim Brotherhood aims to become a political force for a change in the country.

Despite Bouteflika’s announcement of postponing elections, protests have been continuing throughout the country. People have demanded the resignation of the president and have called for new free and fair elections to take place. Both the continuation of protests and the determination of protesters highlights that the country’s political realm will be a scene of historical developments in the coming period. As one of the most organized social and political forces, the Muslim Brotherhood is likely to play an important role in this political transformation.

Algeria has been witnessing anti-government protests for over a week. President Abdel Aziz Bouteflika, who has been serving as president since 1999, is at the center of the criticism of the protesters. The demonstrations started after the announcement that 82-year-old Bouteflika will be a candidate for the upcoming presidential election on 18 April. Since this announcement, various social groups and civil society movements have participated in nation-wide protests in almost all major cities across the country. The group driving the protests are students. In almost all major universities, students have organized mass protests. The mobility capacity of the youth has been essential in the rapid organization of demonstrations and the high levels of participation.

The most striking feature of the protests is that they are the first kind of demonstrations that have been organized in the country since the civil war ended in 2002. The war claimed lives of over 100,000 civilians in the country since the beginning of the conflict in 1992. The psychological effects of the civil war prevented many Algerians to shy away from political discussions, let alone organize popular protests. However, it seems that Algerians have no patience left against their regime. There are several particular reasons as to why this protest movement has been taking place recently.

It is absurd for a country where the median age is 28 to be ruled by someone who is 82 and cannot function as a statesman due to his severe health conditions. So, the Algerian youth said “enough” to the continuation of Bouteflika’s term.

First of all, Bouteflika’s candidacy for a fifth term in office was perceived as a humiliation for Algerian people. Bouteflika has not been able to walk or talk after he experienced a stroke in 2013. Following that year, his health condition has deteriorated gradually and he was seen in public only on a couple of instances. It is argued that under such conditions, he cannot serve or represent the country, of which the majority of the population is under 30 years old. It is obviously absurd for a country where the median age is 28 to be ruled by someone who is 82 and cannot function as a statesman as we know it due to his health conditions. Therefore, the Algerian youth have basically said “enough” to the continuation of Bouteflika’s term.

The second important reason behind the demonstrations is that the political elites, who have ruled the country since the civil war lost their legitimacy in the eyes of Algerians. Corruption, management, nepotism, socio-economic problems, lack of civil rights, and political pressure on the opposition has caused a widespread reaction against the regime. The dissatisfaction has further been triggered by the announcement of Bouteflika’s candidacy, which led all segments of society to join the protest movement.

Finally, the majority of the Algerian youth have been increasingly engaging with social media tools that have allowed them to see developments in a regional and international sphere. Moreover, the effects of globalization have been visible on Algerian society, as the country’s new generation is actively engaged in global developments. The Algerian people have also been following the regional political atmosphere and have been witnessing demands for change in other Arab countries. These developments in other Middle Eastern countries have also affected the Algerian youth and allowed them to raise their voices for democratic demands.

Apart from this, especially young Algerians with fellow citizens in diaspora who live in European countries like France, exchange views on how their country should be governed. In addition to this, they are also witnessing how Muslim countries can be democratic and developed at the same time as they increasingly observe the experiences of Turkey and Malaysia.

Such reasons and dynamics have motivated Algerian youth to participate in demonstrations. Despite the protests that were initially against Bouteflika’s candidacy, they have now turned into mass gatherings of Algerians demanding democratic rights, and changes in the economic and social structure of the country.

Arab nations prefer to ensure the cost of a revolution, rather than living under oppressive regimes that have been in power for decades. Algeria is not an exception.

The ongoing protest movement in Algeria is a clear reminder of the Arab revolutions period that began in Tunisia in 2010. Millions of people in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria, poured into the streets with both democratic and economic demands by asking for the removal of their decades-long oppressive regimes. While this process was successful in some countries and resulted in the overthrow of existing regimes, it did not turn out that way for others, where revolutionary uprisings caused long-lasting civil wars and political instability.

One of the characteristics of the demonstrations in Algeria that are similar to the protests of the Arab revolutions is that young people, who are the main actors of the demonstrations, intensively use social media. In the country where internet and phone access is strictly controlled, social media tools such as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube, are important instruments for protestors to communicate, organize, exchange ideas, interact, and encourage their audience.

The most important message given by the protests in Algeria is that the revolutionary wave that started in 2010 in the Arab region is still continuing despite the counter-revolutionary attempt in Egypt and the instability in Syria, Libya, and Yemen. It can be argued that the Arab nations prefer to ensure the cost of a revolution, rather than living under oppressive regimes that have been in power for decades. Algeria is not an exception. The unprecedented wave of protests in the country is an obvious sign of this. Therefore, the ghost of Arab revolutions will continue to haunt the oppressive regimes in the Arab world, despite their counter-revolutionary attempts.