In this context, Saudi Arabia appears to be behaving like Russia, using oil to gain leverage over the West and back Russia, which is losing ground on all fronts.
Read: The Tehran Summit: What Is Next for Turkey, Russia, and Iran?
What is next for Iran?
The protests pose a threat to Iran's establishment and shake the foundations of the system's legitimacy.
Expectedly, the war in Ukraine and nuclear threats seem to dominate this year’s agenda as Russian President Vladimir Putin warns the world that he “is not bluffing” about using nuclear weapons.
Also, Russia reiterates the “One China” policy as Sergei Lavrov, the foreign minister of Russia, told reporters in Tashkent that "ur position on the existence of only one China remains unchanged.
According to a study by the European Council on Foreign Relations in August 2021, for Serbia, Turkey is the third country to be trusted after Russia and China.
he Russian invasion of Ukraine not only led to a war between the two countries, but also brought about a discursive and value-laden struggle between western and eastern countries.
He maintained that, while the bulk of inflationary pressure was caused by rising gas prices in the aftermath of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, boosting interest rates was required to avoid excessive inflation from being ingrained.
he Grain Deal between Ukraine and Russia, which was facilitated by Turkey and the UN and signed on July 22 in Istanbul, has undoubtedly been one of the few diplomatic milestones throughout the war in Ukraine.
The most striking example of this new international structure manifests itself in how Saudi and Emirati national interests dictated and enabled these Gulf monarchies to respond to the Russian attacks in Ukraine more cautiously and openly refusing an automatic alignment with the United States.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 pushed the Biden administration, which initially criticized MBS’s foreignpolicy actions, to start talks with Saudi Arabia to garner their support behind Ukraine in an attempt to further isolate Russia and diversify alternative oil resources.
Russia is bogged down in Ukraine and is withdrawing a large number of its forces from Syria to beef up its Ukrainian fronts and leaving its military bases to pro-Iran proxies.
The Russian aggression in Ukraine, as a potential pattern during the coming decades, has pushed them to review the possibility in case a war escalates in the vicinity.
Read: The Geopolitics of Russia-Turkey Relations amid the Ukraine WarContrary to Turkey’s expectations, security issues between Ankara and Washington could not be resolved in the first year of the Biden administration.