Despite the high-profile participation, the fact that the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Bahrain sent low-ranking representatives to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) summit held in Istanbul on 13 December, 2017, upon the call of President Erdogan, caused heated discussions in Turkey and the region.
Foreign fighters
On an international level, the PYD/YPG has conducted a very demanding campaign on media presence and brand control, ranging from political offices across Europe to Russia and Saudi Arabia, mobilizing both traditional and social media to push the issue forward.
He was also welcomed at the highest level during his visits especially in Egypt, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Russia, creating the image that he was the leading actor in Libya.
While firstly being appointed to the leadership board of the city of Ayn al-Arab, which was under PYD control, he was then appointed as media officer of the Movement for a Democratic Society (TEV-DEM), which was later imposed by the PYD as an administrative element to govern northern Syria in the early periods of the crisis.
In recent years, especially during the ArabSpring and the “Black Lives Matter” riots that took place across the United States, we were able to witness the use of social media as a platform for mobilization and information sharing.
With the military intervention in Syria in 2015, Russia took revenge of the Libya operation conducted during the ArabSpring, gaining the upper hand against the West.
As far as Turkey's foreign policy options are concerned; it is obvious that the country's approaches and policy choices especially with regards to regional geopolitical developments have radically diverted from the stances of the US and the EU since the reversal of the ArabSpring via authoritarian coups, foreign interventions and civil wars.
While the security threats that emerged with the ArabSpring in the Middle East indicated the scope of possible threats posed by states and non-state actors, it also underscored the importance of having and utilizing domestic military technology.
ulf states have been at the center of the world’s attention since the May 20 Riyadh Summit, where President Trump addressed Arab and Muslim leaders from more than 50 countries.
The leading questions and the most common answers – thanks to the tools that political scientists have devised over decades – are as follows: Why did the anti-regime protests start in Syria in 2011? The quick answer is because of the spread of the revolutionary ideas of the ArabSpring (a.
While retaking the city will not completely eliminate the driving factors which allowed the existence of the terrorist organization in the first place, it might force DAESH to return to its roots, the clandestine cell structure which it embraced as the Iraqi Al-Qaeda before the ArabSpring and capturing Mosul, and form a new resistance movement in crucial cities to distract the Iraqi army.