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Multi-speed EU: Cure All Remedy or Dead End?

Most definitely so in central and western Europe, less so if ever in the United Kingdom! At stake back then: asking the no-no question in the Brussels’ corridors of power; a ‘no-no’ automatically resulting in a reaction alike a father shaking his head whilst looking at his child who just did something wrong; in this context, a response of disbelief to a rather risqué question along the lines of ‘is it not better to allow for a European Union at two, perhaps even more speeds?’ Now things could not have changed more dramatically.

A Divided Europe and Turkey

Turkey’s convergence with the United Kingdom, France and Italy Alongside these problems confronted in relations between Turkey and Germany, the Ankara administration leaned towards other European actors with whom more rational relations could be established.

Neo-Protectionism and Trade Wars

The United Kingdom’s decision to leave the EU (Brexit), Donald Trump’s adoption of a more fierce foreign policy and his appreciation of an economic competition discourse, and the increasing centralization of right-wing movements in European politics reflects the fact that the desire to race for liberal values on the international sphere has dissolved.

Re-shaping the Middle East? Israel-backed UAE-Saudi Alliance

Despite the high-profile participation, the fact that the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Bahrain sent low-ranking representatives to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) summit held in Istanbul on 13 December, 2017, upon the call of President Erdogan, caused heated discussions in Turkey and the region.