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Following an agreement with Russia and Iran, who are the two other guarantors of the Astana process, Turkish troops entered Idlib with the aim to reduce fighting between the pro-Assad regime forces and opposition fighters.
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Geneva, Astana, Sochi processes
Following the failure to generate a solution to the conflict during the Geneva process, through the Astana talks, in which Turkey, Russia and Iran act as the guarantor states, “the violence in Syria has been reduced and the ceasefire regime was reinforced through a de-escalation scheme.
While the Assad regime tried to compensate its lack of manpower with foreign Shia fighters backed by Iran, the military attitude of DAESH was focused on causing as much damage as possible.
Within this framework, the German Foreign Minister claimed that the Syria summit between the presidents of Russia, Turkey and Iran in Sochi must be read as the “old empires rising,” adding that “the major powers gathered in Sochi are not friends, but they have plenty in common.
It is a well-known fact that countries that consider Iran’s advancements along the regional belt of uncertainty as direct national security threats – mainly Israel and Saudi Arabia – are getting closer to each other.
The UAE and Israel’s discomfort towards these demands and anti-Iranian notions have transformed into a synchronized foreign policy vision that support each other.
The most prominent challenge is the shift in the international security paradigm – especially the discussions surrounding NATO’s waning functionality, Europe’s attempt to establish its own army and the formation of trade-off alliances, such as the one between Turkey, Iran and Russia, which has resulted in new dynamics in world politics.
While the vast majority of foreigners within the YPG are Turkish, Iraqi or Iranian citizens of Kurdish origin, Kurds living in the West have also joined the militia.
ollowing the independence referendum proposed by the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq on September 25, 2017, the governments of Turkey, Iran and Iraq have come closer to an unprecedented degree.
While Yemen has simply become territory contested between Iran and Saudi Arabia, the interventions made by the US over al-Qaeda serve as a catalyst in this situation.
Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamanei, while still being in an unresolved dispute with the Saudis, made clear that Tehran is against the plan of the US, coming to mutual grounds with its foe.
Qasem Soleimani, the commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Quds Corp, who planned and executed the Kirkuk Operation (October 16-20, 2017), had made a secret deal with leading members of the PUK in order to divide and eventually overrun the KRG.
Before the Arab uprisings in 2011, the UAE had invested in relations within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and even tried to solve its dispute with Iran over three islands with diplomacy in order to avoid a political crisis with Tehran.
Yemen’s current President Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi on Monday called on Yemeni people to rise up against Houthi rebels, who are mainly supported by Iran to counter Saudi influence in Yemen.
he Turkish government charges on the United States on many issues related to national security, including the extradition of Fetullah Gulen, the leader of the FETO criminal cult, which carried out the July 15 coup attempt, support for YPG/PKK and recently Turkish-Iranian businessman Reza Zarrab episode.
It’s a mechanism that is full with pitfalls created by its own defense policies, that has power struggles between different institutions that eclipse state policies and which love to ask questions like “who lost Iran?” or “why don’t they like us?” after foreign policy crises.
With the aim of being as cooperative as possible during the Geneva Talks, Turkey, Russia and Iran first came together in Astana and then in Sochi, bringing their positions closer together.